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Purchasing from a reputable breeder can often be a more conscientious decision due to various factors. Breeders usually have a deep commitment to their rats and are able to offer comprehensive details regarding their lineage, overall health, behavioral traits, and early socialization.

• I recommend sourcing pet rats from breeders. This website can help you locate a reputable breeder near you! You can also join this Facebook group!

Rats from feeder bins are intended to be used as food for carnivorous pets. They are often bred and kept in less-than-ideal conditions, may have health issues, or may not have been handled at all. However, some people choose to “rescue” rats from feeder bins with the intention of giving them a better life.

When purchasing rats from pet stores, the predictability of their health and behavior can be questionable. This is because pet stores usually get their rats from high-volume breeders who might not place as much emphasis on selective breeding and individual care as dedicated breeders would.

A variety of coats, colors, and ear types for rats can be found on the Rat Variety Guide.

I’ve customized the Shunamite Diet for my rats, creating my own version called Brux & Nibble. This modified diet offers a mix of enrichment and variety, and I add fresh foods about 3-4 times a week. On top of that, I supplement their meals with essential vitamins such as Dr. Squiggles, Pro Vital, and Green Mush. For a deeper understanding of rat nutrition, I’d suggest joining the Shunamite Diet USA group or getting your hands on The Scuttling Gourmet book.

• Brux & Nibble – Museli & Foraging Mix: Insect Dog Food (Crickets and Grubs), Mealworms, Fly Larvae, Quail Egg Yolk, Salmon Skin, Sorghum, Gaba Rice, Pearled Barley, Buckwheat, Rye Flakes, Sprouted Wheat, Malted Barley, Barley, Millet, Lentils, Spelt, Veggie Pasta, Rye Crackers, Rice Puff, Black Maize, Dari, Safflower, Soy Beans, Milo, Peeled Oats, Peeled Barley, Mung Beans, Yellow Millet, Purple Sweet Potato, Beet Root, Carrot, Pumpkin, Green Pepper, Spinach, Broccoli, Celery, Apple, Peas, Tomato, Garlic, Sesame Seed, Flaxseed, Pumpkin Seed, Hemp Seed, Grape Seed, Pepita Seed, Rapeseed, Maria Thistle Seed, Canary Seed, Goji Berries, Coconut, Banana, Blueberries, Cranberry, Elderberry, Tart Cherries, Raisins, Parsley, Oregano, Peppermint, Basil, Dandelion Leaf, Echinacea Root, Red Rose Petals, Calendula, Chamomile, and Hibiscus.
  
  
• Lab Blocks & Pellets: For those who prefer commercial options, pellet or block diets can be a good fit, particularly for finicky eaters. Brands like Kalmbach, Teklad, Oxbow, and Mazuri are top choices that are both nutritionally balanced and widely accessible. It’s important to steer clear of brands that aren’t tailored for rats, as they lack the required nutrients. These non-specific brands often include ingredients like alfalfa and timothy hay, which rats can’t properly digest.

When it comes to treats, there’s a range of options that rats typically love, including cooked chicken bones, hard-boiled eggs, popcorn, mealworms, and baby food. Frozen peas also get a thumbs up, and my own furry friends have a special liking for Chippin and Jiminy’s dog treats.

Proper Enclosures: 

Pet rats primarily live in cages, so it’s essential to provide at least 2.5 cubic feet of space per rat, with bars spaced at 1/2 inches or less. Fish tanks and hamster cages are not suitable for rats. They have delicate respiratory systems and need proper ventilation, which such enclosures fail to offer due to the ammonia in rat urine. Since rats are fossorial animals, they also need space to dig and burrow. The more floor space, the better. 

To make the most of your cage space, incorporate an array of hammocks, hanging toys, and shelves. Be cautious with grid shelves, or cover them with fleece, to prevent conditions like bumblefoot and other injuries. Some reliable cage options include Frisco by Chewy, Critter Nation, or Prevue Rat Cage.

Cleaning Routine:

Regular cleaning and vigilant monitoring of your rats for signs of respiratory issues, allergic reactions, or any other health-related changes is crucial – regardless of the type of substrate used. There isn’t a definitive answer regarding the frequency of cage cleaning; it varies based on factors like cage size, the number of rats, their litter training status, and the substrate type. My routine usually involves spot-cleaning daily, changing the litter every three days, and replacing the substrate on a weekly to bi-weekly basis. Remember, rats are inherently tidy creatures, so any noticeable odor could indicate that the cage requires more frequent cleaning.

Variety of Substrates:

Substrate options are heat-treated hardwoods (Aspen, Birch, Beech, and Maple), Hemp, Paper-Based products (e.g., Cardboard Squares), and Bioactive substrates like Coco Fiber Soil are also available. Each type of substrate comes with its own set of benefits and drawbacks, so it’s beneficial to experiment with different substrates to discover what suits your rats best, including mixing substrates to create an optimal environment. For those interested in creating a Bioactive and Naturalistic setup, there are online groups dedicated to this approach. Feel free to check them out for more information and tips!

• There is still some ongoing debate and caution is advised in regard to the use of softwood substrates. The long-term effects of phenols from certain softwoods are not thoroughly documented in scientific literature, leading to differing opinions in the small pet community. This lack of concrete data means that many rat owners and experts prefer to rely on anecdotal evidence and err on the side of caution when it comes to concerns such as the presence of residual phenols, potential carcinogens, the induction of liver enzymes, and abietic acid exposure, as indicated in earlier studies. Choosing softwood products such as Pine, Fir, or Spruce from trusted suppliers who adhere to effective kiln-drying processes could mitigate some of the associated risks. You should always avoid Cedar. Some bedding materials may attract mites or develop mold, so proper storage is advised.

Benefits of Hemp Substrate:

• Absorbency: Hemp has exceptional moisture absorption, surpassing conventional wood shavings in moisture retention and ammonia odor control.

• Cost Effective: Despite a higher initial price, its durability and reduced need for regular replacement make hemp bedding an economical option over time.

• Hypoallergenic: Hemp bedding tends to have a lower dust content than alternative bedding materials, which is advantageous for rats that have delicate respiratory systems or are prone to sensitivities.

• Biodegradable: Hemp decomposes more quickly than wood-based products when composted, making it an environmentally friendly option due to its high biodegradability.

• Pest Resistant: Hemp has natural properties that deter a variety of pests, including mites, which aids in maintaining a cleaner and more sanitary environment.

Litter Boxes:

Similarly to substrates, there is a diverse selection of litter types available, including options like Recycled Paper, Wood Pellets, and Corn Cob. Every litter type has distinct benefits, and the decision often depends on aspects such as how well it absorbs, its ability to control odors, and the comfort it provides to the rats.

Bedding & Nesting: 

Bedding is primarily used for comfort and purposes, rather than for odor control. These materials can include Crinkle Paper, Toilet Paper, Recycled Paper, to Crumbled Paper. Additionally, fleece and other fabrics, hay/straw, and coconut fiber are excellent choices. 

Rats are highly intelligent creatures that thrive on mental engagement. It’s beneficial to present them with a variety of stimulating experiences such as dig boxes and treat-fishing activities to keep them active.

• Incorporating foraging toys is a great way to engage your rats’ instinctual foraging habits, motivating them to actively search for and obtain their food. These toys are essential for staving off boredom and ensuring mental stimulation.
  
  
• Rats are adept climbers and have an incredible sense of balance, making it beneficial to enrich their habitat with various levels, ramps, and perches. Adding these elements caters to their desire for physical exercise and exploration.
  
  
• Since rats are prey animals, they naturally seek out and find solace in small, enclosed areas. Providing tunnels and tubes in their environment can offer them the secure and cozy retreat they instinctively need.
  
  
• Given their penchant for chewing, an assortment of chews, shredders, and hanging bird toys is highly advisable to keep them engaged and to promote dental health.

For more enrichment ideas, you might want to check out online groups like Rat & Mouse Enrichment and Rat Care UK on Facebook. These platforms offer a wealth of information and community advice for keeping your rats active and mentally stimulated.

It’s advisable to isolate any new rats for a period of at least two to three weeks in a different air environment to prevent the spread of diseases and external pests.

• Avoid putting the new rat directly into the existing cage, as this can trigger fights due to territorial instincts.
  
  
• After the isolation period, arrange the individual cages next to each other so the rats can safely socialize from a distance. Ensure the cages are not close enough for the rats to physically reach one another, preventing bites and injuries.
  
  
• When you’re ready to introduce the rats to each other, choose a neutral space for the meeting.

Remember, the process of introduction can vary in duration—from just a day to several weeks —so patience and persistence are key. 

Any sign of abnormality or change in behavior warrants closer attention, and if in doubt, consult with a veterinarian who specializes with rats. Early detection and treatment can make a big difference in the outcome of many health issues in pet rats.

• Record Keeping: Keep a journal or log of your rats’ health checks. This can be vital for tracking changes over time and can provide valuable information to a vet if needed.
  
  
• Handling the Rats: Pick up your rat and gently feel along the body for any lumps or bumps.
  
  
• Monitor Their Reaction: A rat in pain or distress may react negatively to being handled.

Behavioral Assessment:

• Activity Level: A lack of activity or sudden lethargy can indicate a problem.
  
  
• Eating and Drinking Habits: Ensure they are consuming food and water normally. 
  
  
• Social Interaction: Notice if there are any changes in their interactions with cage mates and you.

Physical Examination:

• Coat and Skin: The coat should be clean and smooth, and the skin should be free of sores, lumps, or flakiness.
  
  
• Eyes and Nose: Their eyes should be bright and clear. There shouldn’t be any discharge from the eyes or nose.
  
  
• Ears: Check for cleanliness and no signs of redness or discharge.
  
  
• Breathing: Listen for any unusual respiratory sounds. Wheezing, sneezing, or labored breathing can indicate respiratory issues.
  
  
• Weight: Feel for any unexpected weight loss or gain.
  
  
• Teeth: Rats’ teeth continually grow. Ensure the teeth are not overgrown or misaligned.
  
  
• Limbs and Tail: Check for any swelling, injury, or abnormality in movement.
  
  
• Rear End: Make sure the area around the anus and genitals is clean and not matted.

Porphyrin, the red secretion you might see around a rat’s eyes or nose, is generally not a major concern in small amounts. However, an increase in porphyrin can be a sign of illness, stress, or an imbalanced diet, warranting a vet visit for diagnosis. Hairless and double Rex rats produce porphyrin as a way to clean their eyes since they have little or no eyelashes.

Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs) are common in rats and can be life-threatening if not treated. Given their sensitive respiratory systems and the ubiquitous Mycoplasma bacteria, most rats will experience at least one URI in their lifetime. Early treatment with antibiotics like amoxicillin and doxycycline is advised. These medications can often be purchased in the fish section of pet stores or online.

Bumblefoot is a bacterial infection that manifests as a sore or inflamed bump on a rat’s foot, most often on one or both hind feet. The infection is easy to identify, appearing as an open wound or abscess that might exhibit crusting, blood, or pus. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, topical antibiotic creams, and daily foot cleanings or soaks until the infection clears.

Mites are another concern, causing symptoms like hair loss, scabs, and itching. Keep an eye out for changes in your rat’s fur, ears, or tail. Parasites like mites can be treated with Revolution formulated for kittens or cats.

Tumors are so prevalent that nearly all rats will develop one at some point. These can occur on the belly, chest, groin, or underarm areas. Surgical removal is usually the best course of action for young, healthy rats, and spaying females can act as a preventive measure.